Our study, which is based on nationally representative household survey data, strives to offer a comprehensive view of the conditions of today’s children in China. In this report, we cover all major domains of child development, including children’s physical health, mental and psychological well-being, social well-being, and their cognitive and educational development. Our report focuses on examining the developmental disparities between children of rural and urban regions and between children who have different living arrangements (for instance, between left-behind children and migrant children). We also strive to reveal variations in the ecological contexts of these children (i.e., the different conditions of their families and communities that may have contributed to their different developmental trajectories).